{"dataType": "CVE_RECORD", "dataVersion": "5.1", "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2024-41041", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "state": "PUBLISHED", "assignerShortName": "Linux", "dateReserved": "2024-07-12T12:17:45.623Z", "datePublished": "2024-07-29T14:31:54.647Z", "dateUpdated": "2025-05-04T09:20:44.955Z"}, "containers": {"cna": {"providerMetadata": {"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2025-05-04T09:20:44.955Z"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nudp: Set SOCK_RCU_FREE earlier in udp_lib_get_port().\n\nsyzkaller triggered the warning [0] in udp_v4_early_demux().\n\nIn udp_v[46]_early_demux() and sk_lookup(), we do not touch the refcount\nof the looked-up sk and use sock_pfree() as skb->destructor, so we check\nSOCK_RCU_FREE to ensure that the sk is safe to access during the RCU grace\nperiod.\n\nCurrently, SOCK_RCU_FREE is flagged for a bound socket after being put\ninto the hash table. Moreover, the SOCK_RCU_FREE check is done too early\nin udp_v[46]_early_demux() and sk_lookup(), so there could be a small race\nwindow:\n\n CPU1 CPU2\n ---- ----\n udp_v4_early_demux() udp_lib_get_port()\n | |- hlist_add_head_rcu()\n |- sk = __udp4_lib_demux_lookup() |\n |- DEBUG_NET_WARN_ON_ONCE(sk_is_refcounted(sk));\n `- sock_set_flag(sk, SOCK_RCU_FREE)\n\nWe had the same bug in TCP and fixed it in commit 871019b22d1b (\"net:\nset SOCK_RCU_FREE before inserting socket into hashtable\").\n\nLet's apply the same fix for UDP.\n\n[0]:\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 11198 at net/ipv4/udp.c:2599 udp_v4_early_demux+0x481/0xb70 net/ipv4/udp.c:2599\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 0 PID: 11198 Comm: syz-executor.1 Not tainted 6.9.0-g93bda33046e7 #13\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nRIP: 0010:udp_v4_early_demux+0x481/0xb70 net/ipv4/udp.c:2599\nCode: c5 7a 15 fe bb 01 00 00 00 44 89 e9 31 ff d3 e3 81 e3 bf ef ff ff 89 de e8 2c 74 15 fe 85 db 0f 85 02 06 00 00 e8 9f 7a 15 fe <0f> 0b e8 98 7a 15 fe 49 8d 7e 60 e8 4f 39 2f fe 49 c7 46 60 20 52\nRSP: 0018:ffffc9000ce3fa58 EFLAGS: 00010293\nRAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffffffff8318c92c\nRDX: ffff888036ccde00 RSI: ffffffff8318c2f1 RDI: 0000000000000001\nRBP: ffff88805a2dd6e0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000000\nR10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0001ffffffffffff R12: ffff88805a2dd680\nR13: 0000000000000007 R14: ffff88800923f900 R15: ffff88805456004e\nFS: 00007fc449127640(0000) GS:ffff88807dc00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00007fc449126e38 CR3: 000000003de4b002 CR4: 0000000000770ef0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000600\nPKRU: 55555554\nCall Trace:\n <TASK>\n ip_rcv_finish_core.constprop.0+0xbdd/0xd20 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:349\n ip_rcv_finish+0xda/0x150 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:447\n NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:314 [inline]\n NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:308 [inline]\n ip_rcv+0x16c/0x180 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:569\n __netif_receive_skb_one_core+0xb3/0xe0 net/core/dev.c:5624\n __netif_receive_skb+0x21/0xd0 net/core/dev.c:5738\n netif_receive_skb_internal net/core/dev.c:5824 [inline]\n netif_receive_skb+0x271/0x300 net/core/dev.c:5884\n tun_rx_batched drivers/net/tun.c:1549 [inline]\n tun_get_user+0x24db/0x2c50 drivers/net/tun.c:2002\n tun_chr_write_iter+0x107/0x1a0 drivers/net/tun.c:2048\n new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:497 [inline]\n vfs_write+0x76f/0x8d0 fs/read_write.c:590\n ksys_write+0xbf/0x190 fs/read_write.c:643\n __do_sys_write fs/read_write.c:655 [inline]\n __se_sys_write fs/read_write.c:652 [inline]\n __x64_sys_write+0x41/0x50 fs/read_write.c:652\n x64_sys_call+0xe66/0x1990 arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h:2\n do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\n do_syscall_64+0x4b/0x110 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53\nRIP: 0033:0x7fc44a68bc1f\nCode: 89 54 24 18 48 89 74 24 10 89 7c 24 08 e8 e9 cf f5 ff 48 8b 54 24 18 48 8b 74 24 10 41 89 c0 8b 7c 24 08 b8 01 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 31 44 89 c7 48 89 44 24 08 e8 3c d0 f5 ff 48\nRSP: 002b:00007fc449126c90 EFLAGS: 00000293 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000001\nRAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00000000004bc050 RCX: 00007fc44a68bc1f\nR\n---truncated---"}], "affected": [{"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["net/ipv4/udp.c"], "versions": [{"version": "6acc9b432e6714d72d7d77ec7c27f6f8358d0c71", "lessThan": "7a67c4e47626e6daccda62888f8b096abb5d3940", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "6acc9b432e6714d72d7d77ec7c27f6f8358d0c71", "lessThan": "9f965684c57c3117cfd2f754dd3270383c529fba", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "6acc9b432e6714d72d7d77ec7c27f6f8358d0c71", "lessThan": "ddf516e50bf8a7bc9b3bd8a9831f9c7a8131a32a", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "6acc9b432e6714d72d7d77ec7c27f6f8358d0c71", "lessThan": "a6db0d3ea6536e7120871e5448b3032570152ec6", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "6acc9b432e6714d72d7d77ec7c27f6f8358d0c71", "lessThan": "c5fd77ca13d657c6e99bf04f0917445e6a80231e", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "6acc9b432e6714d72d7d77ec7c27f6f8358d0c71", "lessThan": "20ceae10623c3b29fdf7609690849475bcdebdb0", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "6acc9b432e6714d72d7d77ec7c27f6f8358d0c71", "lessThan": "5c0b485a8c6116516f33925b9ce5b6104a6eadfd", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["net/ipv4/udp.c"], "versions": [{"version": "4.20", "status": "affected"}, {"version": "0", "lessThan": "4.20", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "5.4.280", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.4.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "5.10.222", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "5.15.163", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.1.100", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.6.41", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.9.10", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.9.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.10", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.20", "versionEndExcluding": "5.4.280"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.20", "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.222"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.20", "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.163"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.20", "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.100"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.20", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.41"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.20", "versionEndExcluding": "6.9.10"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "4.20", "versionEndExcluding": "6.10"}]}]}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7a67c4e47626e6daccda62888f8b096abb5d3940"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9f965684c57c3117cfd2f754dd3270383c529fba"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ddf516e50bf8a7bc9b3bd8a9831f9c7a8131a32a"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a6db0d3ea6536e7120871e5448b3032570152ec6"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c5fd77ca13d657c6e99bf04f0917445e6a80231e"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20ceae10623c3b29fdf7609690849475bcdebdb0"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c0b485a8c6116516f33925b9ce5b6104a6eadfd"}], "title": "udp: Set SOCK_RCU_FREE earlier in udp_lib_get_port().", "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}}, "adp": [{"providerMetadata": {"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "shortName": "CVE", "dateUpdated": "2024-08-02T04:39:56.185Z"}, "title": "CVE Program Container", "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7a67c4e47626e6daccda62888f8b096abb5d3940", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9f965684c57c3117cfd2f754dd3270383c529fba", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ddf516e50bf8a7bc9b3bd8a9831f9c7a8131a32a", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a6db0d3ea6536e7120871e5448b3032570152ec6", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c5fd77ca13d657c6e99bf04f0917445e6a80231e", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20ceae10623c3b29fdf7609690849475bcdebdb0", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c0b485a8c6116516f33925b9ce5b6104a6eadfd", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}]}, {"metrics": [{"other": {"type": "ssvc", "content": {"id": "CVE-2024-41041", "role": "CISA Coordinator", "options": [{"Exploitation": "none"}, {"Automatable": "no"}, {"Technical Impact": "partial"}], "version": "2.0.3", "timestamp": "2024-09-10T16:23:13.757861Z"}}}], "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment", "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "shortName": "CISA-ADP", "dateUpdated": "2024-09-11T17:32:58.050Z"}}]}}

{"dataType": "CVE_RECORD", "containers": {"adp": [{"title": "CVE Program Container", "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7a67c4e47626e6daccda62888f8b096abb5d3940", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9f965684c57c3117cfd2f754dd3270383c529fba", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ddf516e50bf8a7bc9b3bd8a9831f9c7a8131a32a", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a6db0d3ea6536e7120871e5448b3032570152ec6", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c5fd77ca13d657c6e99bf04f0917445e6a80231e", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20ceae10623c3b29fdf7609690849475bcdebdb0", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c0b485a8c6116516f33925b9ce5b6104a6eadfd", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "shortName": "CVE", "dateUpdated": "2024-08-02T04:39:56.185Z"}}, {"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment", "metrics": [{"other": {"type": "ssvc", "content": {"id": "CVE-2024-41041", "role": "CISA Coordinator", "options": [{"Exploitation": "none"}, {"Automatable": "no"}, {"Technical Impact": "partial"}], "version": "2.0.3", "timestamp": "2024-09-10T16:23:13.757861Z"}}}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "shortName": "CISA-ADP", "dateUpdated": "2024-09-11T12:42:13.801Z"}}], "cna": {"title": "udp: Set SOCK_RCU_FREE earlier in udp_lib_get_port().", "affected": [{"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "6acc9b432e67", "lessThan": "7a67c4e47626", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6acc9b432e67", "lessThan": "9f965684c57c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6acc9b432e67", "lessThan": "ddf516e50bf8", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6acc9b432e67", "lessThan": "a6db0d3ea653", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6acc9b432e67", "lessThan": "c5fd77ca13d6", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6acc9b432e67", "lessThan": "20ceae10623c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6acc9b432e67", "lessThan": "5c0b485a8c61", "versionType": "git"}], "programFiles": ["net/ipv4/udp.c"], "defaultStatus": "unaffected"}, {"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "4.20"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "4.20", "versionType": "custom"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.4.280", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.4.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.10.222", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "5.15.163", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.1.100", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.41", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.9.10", "versionType": "custom", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.9.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.10", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix", "lessThanOrEqual": "*"}], "programFiles": ["net/ipv4/udp.c"], "defaultStatus": "affected"}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7a67c4e47626e6daccda62888f8b096abb5d3940"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9f965684c57c3117cfd2f754dd3270383c529fba"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ddf516e50bf8a7bc9b3bd8a9831f9c7a8131a32a"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a6db0d3ea6536e7120871e5448b3032570152ec6"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c5fd77ca13d657c6e99bf04f0917445e6a80231e"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20ceae10623c3b29fdf7609690849475bcdebdb0"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c0b485a8c6116516f33925b9ce5b6104a6eadfd"}], "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-c9c4e1df01b2"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nudp: Set SOCK_RCU_FREE earlier in udp_lib_get_port().\n\nsyzkaller triggered the warning [0] in udp_v4_early_demux().\n\nIn udp_v[46]_early_demux() and sk_lookup(), we do not touch the refcount\nof the looked-up sk and use sock_pfree() as skb->destructor, so we check\nSOCK_RCU_FREE to ensure that the sk is safe to access during the RCU grace\nperiod.\n\nCurrently, SOCK_RCU_FREE is flagged for a bound socket after being put\ninto the hash table. Moreover, the SOCK_RCU_FREE check is done too early\nin udp_v[46]_early_demux() and sk_lookup(), so there could be a small race\nwindow:\n\n CPU1 CPU2\n ---- ----\n udp_v4_early_demux() udp_lib_get_port()\n | |- hlist_add_head_rcu()\n |- sk = __udp4_lib_demux_lookup() |\n |- DEBUG_NET_WARN_ON_ONCE(sk_is_refcounted(sk));\n `- sock_set_flag(sk, SOCK_RCU_FREE)\n\nWe had the same bug in TCP and fixed it in commit 871019b22d1b (\"net:\nset SOCK_RCU_FREE before inserting socket into hashtable\").\n\nLet's apply the same fix for UDP.\n\n[0]:\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 11198 at net/ipv4/udp.c:2599 udp_v4_early_demux+0x481/0xb70 net/ipv4/udp.c:2599\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 0 PID: 11198 Comm: syz-executor.1 Not tainted 6.9.0-g93bda33046e7 #13\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nRIP: 0010:udp_v4_early_demux+0x481/0xb70 net/ipv4/udp.c:2599\nCode: c5 7a 15 fe bb 01 00 00 00 44 89 e9 31 ff d3 e3 81 e3 bf ef ff ff 89 de e8 2c 74 15 fe 85 db 0f 85 02 06 00 00 e8 9f 7a 15 fe <0f> 0b e8 98 7a 15 fe 49 8d 7e 60 e8 4f 39 2f fe 49 c7 46 60 20 52\nRSP: 0018:ffffc9000ce3fa58 EFLAGS: 00010293\nRAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffffffff8318c92c\nRDX: ffff888036ccde00 RSI: ffffffff8318c2f1 RDI: 0000000000000001\nRBP: ffff88805a2dd6e0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000000\nR10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0001ffffffffffff R12: ffff88805a2dd680\nR13: 0000000000000007 R14: ffff88800923f900 R15: ffff88805456004e\nFS: 00007fc449127640(0000) GS:ffff88807dc00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00007fc449126e38 CR3: 000000003de4b002 CR4: 0000000000770ef0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000600\nPKRU: 55555554\nCall Trace:\n <TASK>\n ip_rcv_finish_core.constprop.0+0xbdd/0xd20 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:349\n ip_rcv_finish+0xda/0x150 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:447\n NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:314 [inline]\n NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:308 [inline]\n ip_rcv+0x16c/0x180 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:569\n __netif_receive_skb_one_core+0xb3/0xe0 net/core/dev.c:5624\n __netif_receive_skb+0x21/0xd0 net/core/dev.c:5738\n netif_receive_skb_internal net/core/dev.c:5824 [inline]\n netif_receive_skb+0x271/0x300 net/core/dev.c:5884\n tun_rx_batched drivers/net/tun.c:1549 [inline]\n tun_get_user+0x24db/0x2c50 drivers/net/tun.c:2002\n tun_chr_write_iter+0x107/0x1a0 drivers/net/tun.c:2048\n new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:497 [inline]\n vfs_write+0x76f/0x8d0 fs/read_write.c:590\n ksys_write+0xbf/0x190 fs/read_write.c:643\n __do_sys_write fs/read_write.c:655 [inline]\n __se_sys_write fs/read_write.c:652 [inline]\n __x64_sys_write+0x41/0x50 fs/read_write.c:652\n x64_sys_call+0xe66/0x1990 arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h:2\n do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\n do_syscall_64+0x4b/0x110 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53\nRIP: 0033:0x7fc44a68bc1f\nCode: 89 54 24 18 48 89 74 24 10 89 7c 24 08 e8 e9 cf f5 ff 48 8b 54 24 18 48 8b 74 24 10 41 89 c0 8b 7c 24 08 b8 01 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 31 44 89 c7 48 89 44 24 08 e8 3c d0 f5 ff 48\nRSP: 002b:00007fc449126c90 EFLAGS: 00000293 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000001\nRAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00000000004bc050 RCX: 00007fc44a68bc1f\nR\n---truncated---"}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2024-07-29T14:31:54.647Z"}}}, "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2024-41041", "state": "PUBLISHED", "dateUpdated": "2024-09-11T17:32:58.050Z", "dateReserved": "2024-07-12T12:17:45.623Z", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "datePublished": "2024-07-29T14:31:54.647Z", "assignerShortName": "Linux"}, "dataVersion": "5.1"}

{"descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nudp: Set SOCK_RCU_FREE earlier in udp_lib_get_port().\n\nsyzkaller triggered the warning [0] in udp_v4_early_demux().\n\nIn udp_v[46]_early_demux() and sk_lookup(), we do not touch the refcount\nof the looked-up sk and use sock_pfree() as skb->destructor, so we check\nSOCK_RCU_FREE to ensure that the sk is safe to access during the RCU grace\nperiod.\n\nCurrently, SOCK_RCU_FREE is flagged for a bound socket after being put\ninto the hash table. Moreover, the SOCK_RCU_FREE check is done too early\nin udp_v[46]_early_demux() and sk_lookup(), so there could be a small race\nwindow:\n\n CPU1 CPU2\n ---- ----\n udp_v4_early_demux() udp_lib_get_port()\n | |- hlist_add_head_rcu()\n |- sk = __udp4_lib_demux_lookup() |\n |- DEBUG_NET_WARN_ON_ONCE(sk_is_refcounted(sk));\n `- sock_set_flag(sk, SOCK_RCU_FREE)\n\nWe had the same bug in TCP and fixed it in commit 871019b22d1b (\"net:\nset SOCK_RCU_FREE before inserting socket into hashtable\").\n\nLet's apply the same fix for UDP.\n\n[0]:\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 11198 at net/ipv4/udp.c:2599 udp_v4_early_demux+0x481/0xb70 net/ipv4/udp.c:2599\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 0 PID: 11198 Comm: syz-executor.1 Not tainted 6.9.0-g93bda33046e7 #13\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nRIP: 0010:udp_v4_early_demux+0x481/0xb70 net/ipv4/udp.c:2599\nCode: c5 7a 15 fe bb 01 00 00 00 44 89 e9 31 ff d3 e3 81 e3 bf ef ff ff 89 de e8 2c 74 15 fe 85 db 0f 85 02 06 00 00 e8 9f 7a 15 fe <0f> 0b e8 98 7a 15 fe 49 8d 7e 60 e8 4f 39 2f fe 49 c7 46 60 20 52\nRSP: 0018:ffffc9000ce3fa58 EFLAGS: 00010293\nRAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffffffff8318c92c\nRDX: ffff888036ccde00 RSI: ffffffff8318c2f1 RDI: 0000000000000001\nRBP: ffff88805a2dd6e0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000000\nR10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0001ffffffffffff R12: ffff88805a2dd680\nR13: 0000000000000007 R14: ffff88800923f900 R15: ffff88805456004e\nFS: 00007fc449127640(0000) GS:ffff88807dc00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00007fc449126e38 CR3: 000000003de4b002 CR4: 0000000000770ef0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000600\nPKRU: 55555554\nCall Trace:\n <TASK>\n ip_rcv_finish_core.constprop.0+0xbdd/0xd20 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:349\n ip_rcv_finish+0xda/0x150 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:447\n NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:314 [inline]\n NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:308 [inline]\n ip_rcv+0x16c/0x180 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:569\n __netif_receive_skb_one_core+0xb3/0xe0 net/core/dev.c:5624\n __netif_receive_skb+0x21/0xd0 net/core/dev.c:5738\n netif_receive_skb_internal net/core/dev.c:5824 [inline]\n netif_receive_skb+0x271/0x300 net/core/dev.c:5884\n tun_rx_batched drivers/net/tun.c:1549 [inline]\n tun_get_user+0x24db/0x2c50 drivers/net/tun.c:2002\n tun_chr_write_iter+0x107/0x1a0 drivers/net/tun.c:2048\n new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:497 [inline]\n vfs_write+0x76f/0x8d0 fs/read_write.c:590\n ksys_write+0xbf/0x190 fs/read_write.c:643\n __do_sys_write fs/read_write.c:655 [inline]\n __se_sys_write fs/read_write.c:652 [inline]\n __x64_sys_write+0x41/0x50 fs/read_write.c:652\n x64_sys_call+0xe66/0x1990 arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h:2\n do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\n do_syscall_64+0x4b/0x110 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53\nRIP: 0033:0x7fc44a68bc1f\nCode: 89 54 24 18 48 89 74 24 10 89 7c 24 08 e8 e9 cf f5 ff 48 8b 54 24 18 48 8b 74 24 10 41 89 c0 8b 7c 24 08 b8 01 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 31 44 89 c7 48 89 44 24 08 e8 3c d0 f5 ff 48\nRSP: 002b:00007fc449126c90 EFLAGS: 00000293 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000001\nRAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00000000004bc050 RCX: 00007fc44a68bc1f\nR\n---truncated---"}, {"lang": "es", "value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: udp: configure SOCK_RCU_FREE anteriormente en udp_lib_get_port(). syzkaller activ\u00f3 la advertencia [0] en udp_v4_early_demux(). En udp_v[46]_early_demux() y sk_lookup(), no tocamos el recuento del sk buscado y usamos sock_pfree() como skb-&gt;destructor, por lo que verificamos SOCK_RCU_FREE para asegurarnos de que sea seguro acceder al sk durante el per\u00edodo de gracia de la UCR. Actualmente, SOCK_RCU_FREE est\u00e1 marcado para un socket vinculado despu\u00e9s de colocarlo en la tabla hash. Adem\u00e1s, la comprobaci\u00f3n SOCK_RCU_FREE se realiza demasiado pronto en udp_v[46]_early_demux() y sk_lookup(), por lo que podr\u00eda haber una peque\u00f1a ventana de ejecuci\u00f3n: CPU1 CPU2 ---- ---- udp_v4_early_demux() udp_lib_get_port() | |- hlist_add_head_rcu() |- sk = __udp4_lib_demux_lookup() | |- DEBUG_NET_WARN_ON_ONCE(sk_is_refcounted(sk)); `- sock_set_flag(sk, SOCK_RCU_FREE) Tuvimos el mismo error en TCP y lo solucionamos en la confirmaci\u00f3n 871019b22d1b (\"net: configure SOCK_RCU_FREE antes de insertar el socket en la tabla hash\"). Apliquemos la misma soluci\u00f3n para UDP. [0]: ADVERTENCIA: CPU: 0 PID: 11198 en net/ipv4/udp.c:2599 udp_v4_early_demux+0x481/0xb70 net/ipv4/udp.c:2599 M\u00f3dulos vinculados en: CPU: 0 PID: 11198 Comm: syz- ejecutor.1 No contaminado 6.9.0-g93bda33046e7 #13 Nombre del hardware: PC est\u00e1ndar QEMU (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 01/04/2014 RIP: 0010 :udp_v4_early_demux+0x481/0xb70 net/ipv4/udp.c:2599 C\u00f3digo: c5 7a 15 fe bb 01 00 00 00 44 89 e9 31 ff d3 e3 81 e3 bf ef ff ff 89 de e8 2c 74 15 fe 85 db 0f 85 02 06 00 00 e8 9f 7a 15 fe &lt;0f&gt; 0b e8 98 7a 15 fe 49 8d 7e 60 e8 4f 39 2f fe 49 c7 46 60 20 52 RSP: 0018:ffffc9000ce3fa58 EFLAGS: 00010293 RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffffffff8318c92c RDX: ffff888036ccde00 RSI: ffffffff8318c2f1 RDI: 0000000000000001 RBP: ffff88805a2dd6e0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000000 R10: 0000000000 R11: 0001ffffffffffff R12: ffff88805a2dd680 R13: 0000000000000007 R14: ffff88800923f900 R15: ffff88805456004e FS: 00007fc449127640(0 000) GS:ffff88807dc00000(0000) knlGS: 0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 00007fc449126e38 CR3: 000000003de4b002 CR4: 0000000000770ef0 DR0: 0000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000600 PKRU: 55555554 Llamar Seguimiento: ip_rcv_finish_core .constprop.0+0xbdd/0xd20 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:349 ip_rcv_finish+0xda/0x150 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:447 NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:314 [en l\u00ednea] NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter .h:308 [en l\u00ednea] ip_rcv+0x16c/0x180 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:569 __netif_receive_skb_one_core+0xb3/0xe0 net/core/dev.c:5624 __netif_receive_skb+0x21/0xd0 net/core/dev.c:5738 skb_internal net/core/dev.c:5824 [en l\u00ednea] netif_receive_skb+0x271/0x300 net/core/dev.c:5884 tun_rx_batched drivers/net/tun.c:1549 [en l\u00ednea] tun_get_user+0x24db/0x2c50 drivers/net/tun. c:2002 tun_chr_write_iter+0x107/0x1a0 drivers/net/tun.c:2048 new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:497 [en l\u00ednea] vfs_write+0x76f/0x8d0 fs/read_write.c:590 ksys_write+0xbf/0x190 fs/read_write.c : 643 __do_sys_write fs/read_write.c: 655 [en l\u00ednea] __se_sys_write fs/read_write.c: 652 [inline] __x64_sys_write+0x41/0x50 fs/read_write.c: 652 x64_sy m /syscalls_64.h:2 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [en l\u00ednea] do_syscall_64+0x4b/0x110 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83 Entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53 RIP: 0x7fc44a68bc C\u00f3digo 1f: 89 54 24 18 48 89 74 24 10 89 7c 24 08 e8 e9 cf f5 ff 48 8b 54 24 18 48 8b 74 24 10 41 89 c0 8b 7c 24 08 b8 01 00 00 00 0f 05 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 31 44 89 c7 48 89 44 24 08 e8 3c d0 f5 ff 48 RSP: 002b:00007fc449126c90 EFLAGS: 00000293 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000001 RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000004bc050 RCX: 00007fc44a68bc1f R ---truncado---"}], "id": "CVE-2024-41041", "lastModified": "2024-11-21T09:32:07.350", "metrics": {}, "published": "2024-07-29T15:15:12.563", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20ceae10623c3b29fdf7609690849475bcdebdb0"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c0b485a8c6116516f33925b9ce5b6104a6eadfd"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7a67c4e47626e6daccda62888f8b096abb5d3940"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9f965684c57c3117cfd2f754dd3270383c529fba"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a6db0d3ea6536e7120871e5448b3032570152ec6"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c5fd77ca13d657c6e99bf04f0917445e6a80231e"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ddf516e50bf8a7bc9b3bd8a9831f9c7a8131a32a"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20ceae10623c3b29fdf7609690849475bcdebdb0"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c0b485a8c6116516f33925b9ce5b6104a6eadfd"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7a67c4e47626e6daccda62888f8b096abb5d3940"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9f965684c57c3117cfd2f754dd3270383c529fba"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a6db0d3ea6536e7120871e5448b3032570152ec6"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c5fd77ca13d657c6e99bf04f0917445e6a80231e"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ddf516e50bf8a7bc9b3bd8a9831f9c7a8131a32a"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Awaiting Analysis"}

{"affected_release": [{"advisory": "RHSA-2024:7001", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::nfv", "package": "kernel-rt-0:4.18.0-553.22.1.rt7.363.el8_10", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8", "release_date": "2024-09-24T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2024:7000", "cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "package": "kernel-0:4.18.0-553.22.1.el8_10", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8", "release_date": "2024-09-24T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2024:6993", "cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus:8.8", "package": "kernel-0:4.18.0-477.74.1.el8_8", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Extended Update Support", "release_date": "2024-09-24T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2024:5928", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "package": "kernel-0:5.14.0-427.33.1.el9_4", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9", "release_date": "2024-08-28T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2024:5928", "cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "package": "kernel-0:5.14.0-427.33.1.el9_4", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9", "release_date": "2024-08-28T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2024:10772", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.2", "package": "kernel-0:5.14.0-284.95.1.el9_2", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Extended Update Support", "release_date": "2024-12-04T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2024:10773", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.2::nfv", "package": "kernel-rt-0:5.14.0-284.95.1.rt14.380.el9_2", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Extended Update Support", "release_date": "2024-12-04T00:00:00Z"}], "bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: udp: Set SOCK_RCU_FREE earlier in udp_lib_get_port()", "id": "2300410", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2300410"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "4.7", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "status": "verified"}, "cwe": "CWE-911", "details": ["In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\nudp: Set SOCK_RCU_FREE earlier in udp_lib_get_port().\nsyzkaller triggered the warning [0] in udp_v4_early_demux().\nIn udp_v[46]_early_demux() and sk_lookup(), we do not touch the refcount\nof the looked-up sk and use sock_pfree() as skb->destructor, so we check\nSOCK_RCU_FREE to ensure that the sk is safe to access during the RCU grace\nperiod.\nCurrently, SOCK_RCU_FREE is flagged for a bound socket after being put\ninto the hash table. Moreover, the SOCK_RCU_FREE check is done too early\nin udp_v[46]_early_demux() and sk_lookup(), so there could be a small race\nwindow:\nCPU1 CPU2\n---- ----\nudp_v4_early_demux() udp_lib_get_port()\n| |- hlist_add_head_rcu()\n|- sk = __udp4_lib_demux_lookup() |\n|- DEBUG_NET_WARN_ON_ONCE(sk_is_refcounted(sk));\n`- sock_set_flag(sk, SOCK_RCU_FREE)\nWe had the same bug in TCP and fixed it in commit 871019b22d1b (\"net:\nset SOCK_RCU_FREE before inserting socket into hashtable\").\nLet's apply the same fix for UDP.\n[0]:\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 11198 at net/ipv4/udp.c:2599 udp_v4_early_demux+0x481/0xb70 net/ipv4/udp.c:2599\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 0 PID: 11198 Comm: syz-executor.1 Not tainted 6.9.0-g93bda33046e7 #13\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nRIP: 0010:udp_v4_early_demux+0x481/0xb70 net/ipv4/udp.c:2599\nCode: c5 7a 15 fe bb 01 00 00 00 44 89 e9 31 ff d3 e3 81 e3 bf ef ff ff 89 de e8 2c 74 15 fe 85 db 0f 85 02 06 00 00 e8 9f 7a 15 fe <0f> 0b e8 98 7a 15 fe 49 8d 7e 60 e8 4f 39 2f fe 49 c7 46 60 20 52\nRSP: 0018:ffffc9000ce3fa58 EFLAGS: 00010293\nRAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffffffff8318c92c\nRDX: ffff888036ccde00 RSI: ffffffff8318c2f1 RDI: 0000000000000001\nRBP: ffff88805a2dd6e0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000000\nR10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0001ffffffffffff R12: ffff88805a2dd680\nR13: 0000000000000007 R14: ffff88800923f900 R15: ffff88805456004e\nFS: 00007fc449127640(0000) GS:ffff88807dc00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00007fc449126e38 CR3: 000000003de4b002 CR4: 0000000000770ef0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000600\nPKRU: 55555554\nCall Trace:\n<TASK>\nip_rcv_finish_core.constprop.0+0xbdd/0xd20 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:349\nip_rcv_finish+0xda/0x150 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:447\nNF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:314 [inline]\nNF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:308 [inline]\nip_rcv+0x16c/0x180 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:569\n__netif_receive_skb_one_core+0xb3/0xe0 net/core/dev.c:5624\n__netif_receive_skb+0x21/0xd0 net/core/dev.c:5738\nnetif_receive_skb_internal net/core/dev.c:5824 [inline]\nnetif_receive_skb+0x271/0x300 net/core/dev.c:5884\ntun_rx_batched drivers/net/tun.c:1549 [inline]\ntun_get_user+0x24db/0x2c50 drivers/net/tun.c:2002\ntun_chr_write_iter+0x107/0x1a0 drivers/net/tun.c:2048\nnew_sync_write fs/read_write.c:497 [inline]\nvfs_write+0x76f/0x8d0 fs/read_write.c:590\nksys_write+0xbf/0x190 fs/read_write.c:643\n__do_sys_write fs/read_write.c:655 [inline]\n__se_sys_write fs/read_write.c:652 [inline]\n__x64_sys_write+0x41/0x50 fs/read_write.c:652\nx64_sys_call+0xe66/0x1990 arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h:2\ndo_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\ndo_syscall_64+0x4b/0x110 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\nentry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53\nRIP: 0033:0x7fc44a68bc1f\nCode: 89 54 24 18 48 89 74 24 10 89 7c 24 08 e8 e9 cf f5 ff 48 8b 54 24 18 48 8b 74 24 10 41 89 c0 8b 7c 24 08 b8 01 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 31 44 89 c7 48 89 44 24 08 e8 3c d0 f5 ff 48\nRSP: 002b:00007fc449126c90 EFLAGS: 00000293 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000001\nRAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00000000004bc050 RCX: 00007fc44a68bc1f\nR\n---truncated---"], "name": "CVE-2024-41041", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}], "public_date": "2024-07-29T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-41041\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-41041\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2024072924-CVE-2024-41041-ae0c@gregkh/T"], "threat_severity": "Low"}